The extracellular vesicles from gram-positive bacteria: a review / 生物工程学报

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), also known as membrane vesicles, are vesicular bodies secreted by eukaryotic cells and bacteria. EVs can carry proteins, DNA, RNA, and various metabolites for the exchange and transmission of substances between cells. They play contents-dependent physiological functions, such as delivering nutrients, participating in immune response, and treating cancers. Currently, most studies focus on the exploration of vesicles secreted by eukaryotic cells and gram-negative bacteria, while few studies focus on gram-positive bacteria. This review summarized the production, content composition, physiological function, and engineering of EVs secreted by gram-positive bacteria, and prospected future perspectives in this area.

Subtracted and Unsubtracted Volume Rendering Process on DSA Apparatus in Evaluating Intracranial Aneurysms / 中国医学影像学杂志

PurposeTo explore and compare subtracted and unsubtracted volume rendering process on DSA apparatus in the diagnosis and treatment of intracranial aneurysms, and to provide a better reconstruction in clinic.Materials and Methods Twenty-seven patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) underwent rotational cerebral angiography and 19 cases with embolization treatment underwent rotational cerebral angiography follow-up. 3D volume unsubtracted reconstruction and subtracted reconstructions were used respectively. Two sets of 3D volume reconstruction images were observed and analyzed by two neuroradiologists to compare the detection rate, image quality and post-embolization follow up.Results Thirty-three intracranial aneurysms were identiifed in 27 cases with SAH underwent three-dimensional digital angiography (3D-DA). False positives were found in 2 cases. 3D-DSA detected 33 intracranial aneurysms with no false positive case. There was no statistical signiifcance in intracranial aneurysms detection rate (χ2=1.943,P>0.05). There was no statistical significance in image quality of two reconstruction methods (Z=-1.445,P>0.05). In 19 cases with embolization treatment underwent the follow-up of rotational cerebral angiography, 3D-DA detected 3 cases with aneurysm remnants, while 3D-DSA detected 10. There was statistical signiifcance between 3D-DA and 3D-DSA when detecting aneurysm remnant (χ2=5.729,P<0.05).Conclusion Aneurysms can be well detected with better image quality by 3D-DSA and 3D-DA in the diagnosis and treatment of intracranial aneurysms. 3D-DSA can display more information on tiny vessels, and is better in detecting aneurysm remnants.